The ubuntu lifecycle and release cadence

安裝vmware server

安裝核心編譯等相關套件

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install build-essential linux-headers-`uname -r` xinetd

下載VMware-server，安裝時的回答以預設即可

cd /tmp
wget http://download3.vmware.com/software/vmserver/VMware-server-1.0.6-91891.tar.gz
tar zxvf VMware-server-1.0.6-91891.tar.gz
cd vmware-server-distrib
sudo ./vmware-install.pl

若核心太新或升級了ubuntu的版本，導致執行vmware-install.pl失敗，請另外下載vmware-any-any-update來安裝

wget vmware-any-any-update117.tgz
tar zxvf vmware-any-any-update-117.tgz
cd vmware-any-any-update-117
sudo ./runme.pl

因為vmware本身使用了不同版本的gcc編譯，故執行vmware之前，請先複製下列2個檔案

sudo cp /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 /usr/lib/vmware/lib/libgcc_s.so.1/
sudo cp /usr/lib/libpng12.so.0 /usr/lib/vmware/lib/libpng12.so.0/

安裝Web-based management interface(https://localhost:8333/)

cd /tmp
wget http://download3.vmware.com/software/vmserver/VMware-mui-1.0.6-91891.tar.gz
tar xvzf VMware-mui-1.0.6-91891.tar.gz
cd vmware-mui-distrib
sudo ./vmware-install.pl

若是因為防火牆的阻擋不能連線port:8333，可嘗試下列指令

iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -p tcp -m tcp --dport 8333 -j ACCEPT

安裝 vmware tools

載入VMware Tools (vm => guest => Install/Upgrade VMware Tools)

cd /tmp
cp /media/VMware\ Tools/VMwareTools-8.3.2-257589.tar.gz .
tar zxvf VMwareTools-8.3.2-257589.tar.gz
cd vmware-tools-distrib/
sudo ./vmware-install.pl

vm指令操作

重新啟動vmware

sudo /etc/init.d/vmware restart

重新啟動vmware-mui

sudo /etc/init.d/httpd.vmware restart

觀察vm狀態

vmrun list

停止vm

vmrun stop xxx.vmx

啟動vm

vmrun start xxx.vmx

ubuntu server 安裝了中文語系的調整

先說說語系的問題，筆者發現就算安裝時選了中文語系，console下會還是無法正確顯示中文，因此要在安裝後，更改顯示的順序為英文優先

sudo vi /etc/network/interfaces
sudo vi /etc/resolv.conf
sudo vi /etc/hosts
sudo vi /etc/hostname
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
sudo aptitude update
sudo aptitude safe-upgrade
export LANGUAGE="en_US:en"

為避免無法顯示中文而顯示亂碼情形

sudo vi /var/lib/locales/supported.d/local

設定如下內容

en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
zh_TW.UTF-8 UTF-8

再編輯

sudo vi /etc/default/locale 

設定如下內容

LANG="zh_TW.UTF-8"
LANGUAGE="en_US:en"

重新產生 locale 文件

sudo locale-gen

ubuntu server 安裝了英文語系的調整

若在安裝時選擇英文語系，console的顯示雖然沒有問題不用調整，但是 /etc/apt/sources.list 內的主機更新參考會是美國的喔，此時最好複製另一台ubuntu有設定來源為台灣的過來，Anyway，無論你安裝的是中文或是英文語系，都要做一些調整啦。 例如另外有一台 ubuntu Server 的機器，其 sources.list 已經是 tw 的了，此時可利用 scp 指令透過 ssh 將其複製過來

sudo scp root@192.168.1.1:/etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list

GRUB menu.lst: установка версии поставщика с сохранением локальной версии

Если вы изменяли конфигурацию menu.lst загрузчика GRUB вручную или с помощью утилит, таких как kgrubeditor, то при обновлении вас спросят какую версию загрузочного меню вы хотели бы сохранить: свою измененную или записать конфигурацию menu.lst от поставщика. Этот вопрос задается потому, что некоторые параметры не могут быть обновлены со 100% совместимостью и установщик не может сам принять решение о перезаписи значений, которые вносил пользователь в параметры загрузчика.

Тем не менее, если вы выберете «сохранить локальную версию», то в вашу конфигурацию не будут записаны последние установленные ядра. Потребуется ручная правка конфигурации с целью запуска системы на ядре последней версии с поддержкой обновлений безопасности. Если вы вносите правки в конфигурацию загрузчика, которые хотите сохранить, то рекомендуется следовать следующим шагам:

• Выберите «keep the local version currently installed» при запросе.

• Откройте /boot/grub/menu.lst с помощью любого текстового редактора (например, sudo gedit /boot/grub/menu.lst).

• Впишите необходимые опции для загрузки ядра в переменные (такие как, groot, kopt, defoptions), закомментированные вверху.

• Переместите добавленные вручную опции загрузки для других ОС так, чтобы они оказались выше строчки

  ### BEGIN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST

  или ниже строчки

  ### END DEBIAN AUTOMAGIC KERNELS LIST

• Сохраните файл и запустите заново в командной строке sudo update-grub.

• Выберите «установить версию поставщика».

Например, если вы добавили опцию i915.modeset=0 в параметры ядра:

kernel          /vmlinuz-2.6.31-14-generic root=UUID=0e7... ro quiet splash i915.modeset=0

значит нужно его добавить в переменную kopt:

# kopt=root=UUID=0e7... ro i915.modeset=0

В обновленной версии пакета grub будет включена информация об этой проблеме в окне подсказки для menu.lst. ()

Common Desktop Applications

• When running on battery, clicking on the battery icon permanently says «Battery life (estimating…)». This affects some HP, Compaq, Dell and System76 systems ().

• Resizing windows with the Ambiance theme by grabbing window borders is difficult. This can be mitigated by switching to the Dust or Clear Looks theme ().

• Several panel applets may be displayed twice or overlap. ().

• It is not possible to create Ubuntu 10.04 USB disks from the Startup Disk Creator in Ubuntu 10.10 due to a backwards incompatibility in the syslinux program.

• Adobe Air is not available for 64-bit.

• GDM does not support XDMCP. The version of gdm included in Ubuntu 10.10 does not support the XDMCP protocol for remote graphical logins. Users who require XDMCP support will need to install another display manager, such as wdm or xdm, for this functionality. ()

• When uploading a file to a website, the file browse window doesn’t show a preview when an image is selected. This only happens on some websites, when Flash is installed. It appears such websites replace the Nautilus «Browse» dialog with a Flash version ().

• The Gwibber micro-blogging client no longer permits synching of account details across computers. The client was switched to SQLite for back end storage and to make it faster, but means that syncing of account details across computers is no longer supported.

• The Cheese webcam application has video recording related performance regressions. ()

• The Nautilus file manager application will sometimes create a non-existent device after the mount and umount of a device. ()

What next?

With Ubuntu Server installed, you can now carry on and build that file-server or multi-node cluster we mentioned!

If you are new to Ubuntu Server, we’d recommend reading the Server Guide.

You can also check out the latest on Ubuntu Server, and what others are using it for on the Ubuntu Server pages.

Finding help

The Ubuntu community, for both desktop and server, is one of the friendliest and most well populated you can find. That means if you get stuck, someone has probably already seen and solved the same problem.

Try asking for help in one of the following places:

• Ask Ubuntu
• Ubuntu Forums
• IRC-based support

Alternatively, if you need commercial support for your server deployments, take a look at Ubuntu Advantage.

Was this tutorial useful?

Thank you for your feedback.

Download Ubuntu 20.04.1 LTS

Images can be downloaded from a location near you.

You can download ISOs and flashable images from:

https://releases.ubuntu.com/20.04/ (Ubuntu Desktop and Server for AMD64) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/releases/20.04/release/ (Less Frequently Downloaded Ubuntu Images) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-legacy-server/releases/20.04/release/ (Less Frequently Downloaded Ubuntu Images) http://cloud-images.ubuntu.com/daily/server/focal/current/ (Ubuntu Cloud Images) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/kubuntu/releases/20.04/release/ (Kubuntu) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/lubuntu/releases/20.04/release/ (Lubuntu) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-budgie/releases/20.04/release/ (Ubuntu Budgie) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntukylin/releases/20.04/release/ (Ubuntu Kylin) https://ubuntu-mate.org/download/ (Ubuntu MATE) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntustudio/releases/20.04/release/ (Ubuntu Studio) http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/xubuntu/releases/20.04/release/ (Xubuntu)

Updated Packages

As with every new release, packages—applications and software of all kinds—are being updated at a rapid pace. Many of these packages came from an automatic sync from Debian’s unstable branch; others have been explicitly pulled in for Ubuntu 16.04.

For a list of all packages being accepted for Ubuntu 16.04, please subscribe to xenial-changes.

Python 3

Python2 is not installed anymore by default on the server, cloud and the touch images, long live Python3! Python3 itself has been upgraded to the 3.5 series.

If you have your own programs based on Python 2, fear not! Python 2 will continue to be available (as the python package) for the foreseeable future. However, to best support future versions of Ubuntu you should consider porting your code to Python 3. Python/3 has some advice and resources on this.

VIM defaults to python3

The default VIM package has been built against python3 instead of python2. This means plugins that require a python2 interpreter support from VIM will not work anymore. For this case alternative VIM packages are available that still use python2, for example vim-gnome-py2. They can be made the default via the alternatives mechanism:

sudo update-alternatives —set vim /usr/bin/vim.gnome-py2

Golang 1.6

The golang toolchain was upgraded to the 1.6 series, and gccgo was upgraded to the GCC 6.1 release candidate 1. Thus the same level of standard library and compiler features are provided by both compilers on all fully supported architectures.

OpenSSH 7.2p2

Recent OpenSSH releases disable several pieces of weak, legacy, and/or unsafe cryptography. If you are upgrading a system remotely over SSH, you should check that you are not relying on these to ensure that you will retain access after the upgrade.

• Support for the legacy SSH version 1 protocol is disabled by default at compile time. Note that this also means that the Cipher keyword in ssh_config(5) is effectively no longer usable; use Ciphers instead for protocol 2. The openssh-client-ssh1 package includes «ssh1», «scp1», and «ssh-keygen1» binaries which you can use if you have no alternative way to connect to an outdated SSH1-only server; please contact the server administrator or system vendor in such cases and ask them to upgrade.

• Support for the 1024-bit diffie-hellman-group1-sha1 key exchange is disabled by default at run-time. It may be re-enabled using the upstream instructions.

• Support for ssh-dss, ssh-dss-cert-* host and user keys is disabled by default at run-time. These may be re-enabled using the upstream instructions.

• Support for the legacy v00 cert format has been removed.

• Several ciphers are disabled by default in ssh: blowfish-cbc, cast128-cbc, all arcfour variants and the rijndael-cbc aliases for AES.

• MD5-based and truncated HMAC algorithms are disabled by default in ssh.

GNU toolchain

glibc was updated to the 2.23 release, binutils to the 2.26 release, and GCC to a recent snapshot from the GCC 5 branch (post GCC 5.3.0).

Apt 1.2

Apt 1.2 includes the new privilege separation features introduced in Apt 1.1. Importantly, the unprivileged «_apt» user is now used when making outgoing network connections and parsing the results for the various apt transport methods (HTTP, HTTPS, FTP).

Server

• LVM Entire Disk option does not use entire disk ()

• Partitioning step allows to configure LVM across multiple devices without requiring to setup a separate /boot partition. This may lead to failure to install the bootloader at the end of the installation, and failures to boot the resultant installations. ()

• LVM configuration cannot be removed when volume groups with the same name are found during installation. Partitioner does not support installation when multiple conflicting/identical volume groups have been detected. For example reinstalling Ubuntu with LVM across multiple disk drives that had individual LVM installations of Ubuntu. As a workaround, please format disk drives prior to installation, or from the built in shell provided in the installer. ()

• cio_ignore blacklist is no longer active after installation, because not all install-time parameters, like cio_ignore (s390x), are propagated to the installed system. Workaround is to edit /etc/zipl.conf to apply these and re-run sudo zipl to update the IPL. ()

• Importing ssh keys from GitHub or Launchpad during the installation with the new subiquity server installer currently won’t work. (#1766980)

Updated Packages

Linux kernel

Ubuntu 19.04 is based on the Linux release series 5.0. It includes support for AMD Radeon RX Vega M graphics processor, complete support for the Raspberry Pi 3B and the 3B+, Qualcomm Snapdragon 845, many USB 3.2 and Type-C improvements, Intel Cannonlake graphics, significant power-savings improvements, P-State driver support for Skylake X servers, POWER memory protection keys support, KVM support for AMD Secure Encrypted Virtualization, enablement of Shared Memory Communications remote and direct (SMC-R/D), Open for Business (OFB), and zcrypt on IBM Z among with many other improvements since the v4.15 kernel shipped in 18.04 LTS.

Toolchain Upgrades ️

Ubuntu 19.04 comes with refreshed state-of-the-art toolchain including new upstream releases of glibc 2.29, OpenJDK 11, boost 1.67, rustc 1.31, and updated GCC 8.3, optional GCC 9, Python 3.7.3 as default, ruby 2.5.5, php 7.2.15, perl 5.28.1, golang 1.10.4. There are new improvements on the cross-compilers front as well with POWER and AArch64 toolchain enabled to cross-compile for ARM, S390X and RISCV64 targets.

Install the upgrade

After asking for your password, you will be presented with the Release Notes for the release you’re about to upgrade to.

Select the Upgrade button to start the initialisation process. A few moments later you’ll be asked Do you want to start the upgrade? Press Start Upgrade to pass the point of no return and start the upgrade process.

The upgrade will now proceed. The Distribution Upgrade pane will track the upgrade process and allow you to monitor progress. As the process is dependent on both your network connection and the performance of your computer, the upgrade could take anything from ten or 20 minutes to an hour or more.

After the new packages are installed, you may be asked whether you want to remove any obsolete packages. These are packages that were installed on your previous version of Ubuntu but are no longer required by the new one. You can safely select Remove.

Finally, you’ll be asked to restart the system to complete the upgrade.

Congratulations! You have successfully upgraded Ubuntu!

Ubuntu Desktop

Unity

Unity Desktop has been streamlined for the 14.04 LTS release. Important new features include:

• Support for High-DPI screens and desktop scaling
• New screen saver and lock screen that matches the Unity greeter visual designs, with improved speed and security.
• The option (under Appearance settings) to show menus embedded in the window’s title bar instead of the top menu bar
• The application spread (Super + W) has been redesigned, with new features including the ability to type in order to filter the displayed applications / windows
• New window decorations, with improved appearance and performance. Windows contents are now updated live as they are resized
• Dash scopes can now be enabled and disabled from Application lens, inside dash itself

General

The rest of the Ubuntu desktop also received many updates. Some important changes include:

• Nautilus now defaults to type-ahead find instead of intiating a search when you are looking for files within a directory
• Many default applications regained well-integrated menu bars under Unity
• New Ubuntu-specific settings application, derived from GNOME’s control center

LibreOffice

The LibreOffice office suite has been updated to the latest and greatest version, 4.2.8, containing new features:

• General

  • A new start center gives previews and easy access to recently used documents

  • A new flat icon theme: sifr, installable with apt-get install libreoffice-style-sifr

  • initial HiDPI support

  • Improved import and export filters
  • support for BCP 47 language tags
  • support for native MATE and XFCE file dialogs
• Writer
  • a new default document template
  • in-place editing of text fields
  • document search for right-to-left languages
  • spellcheck and change tracking consolidated
• Calc
  • trendline enhancements: multiple trendlines, force intercept, extrapolation, polynominals, moving averages
  • a new calculation engine, paving the way for high performance calculation on graphics cards with OpenCL
  • quick right-click context menu to switch between sheets
  • random number generation and statistic functions
  • functions to access web data (WEBSERVICE, FILTERXML)
  • new functions: LEFTB, LENB, MIDB, RIGHTB, COVARIANCE.P, COVARIANCE.S, STDEV.P, STDEV.S, VAR.P, VAR.S, BETA.DIST, BETA.INV, BINOM.DIST, BINOM.INV, CONFIDENCE.NORM, CONFIDENCE.T, F.DIST, F.DIST.RT, F.INV, F.INV.RT, F.TEST, EXPON.DIST, HYPGEOM.DIST, POISSON.DIST, WEIBULL.DIST, CHISQ.DIST, CHISQ.DIST.RT, CHISQ.INV, CHISQ.INV.RT,CHISQ.TEST, CRITBINOM

The full list of new features in LibreOffice 4.2 can be found here.

Characteristics[edit]

LTS applies the tenets of reliability engineering to the software development process and software release life cycle. Long-term support extends the period of software maintenance; it also alters the type and frequency of software updates (patches) to reduce the risk, expense, and disruption of software deployment, while promoting the dependability of the software. It does not necessarily imply technical support.

At the beginning of a long-term support period, the software developers impose a feature freeze: They make patches to correct software bugs and vulnerabilities, but do not introduce new features that may cause regression. The software maintainer either distributes patches individually, or packages them in maintenance releases, point releases, or service packs. At the conclusion of the support period, the product either reaches end-of-life, or receives a reduced level of support for a period of time (e.g., high-priority security patches only).

File Systems and Disk Device Setup

• Performance regressions with ext4 under certain workloads. The default file system for installations of Ubuntu 10.10 is ext4, the latest version in the popular series of Linux extended file systems. ext4 includes a number of performance tuning changes relative to previous versions such as ext3, the file system used by default up to Ubuntu 9.04. These generally produce improvements, but some particular workloads are known to be significantly slower when using ext4 than when using ext3. If you have performance-sensitive applications, we recommend that you run benchmarks using multiple file systems in your environment and select the most appropriate.

• Use of degraded RAID 1 array may cause data loss in exceptional cases. If each member of a RAID 1 array is separately brought up in degraded mode across subsequent runs of the array with no reassembly in between, there is a risk that the disks will be reported as in sync when they are not, resulting in data loss due to inconsistencies between the data that has been written to each member. This is an unlikely occurrence during normal operations, but admins of systems using RAID 1 arrays should take care during maintenance to avoid this situation. ()

• Cryptsetup is not by default compatible with the version in 10.04LTS. An encrypted disk set up under 10.04LTS will fail to properly mount under maverick. This is because, as documented in the /usr/share/doc/cryptsetup/NEWS.Debian.gz, defaults have changed. So to mount a disk which was created in 10.04LTS with cryptsetup, in 10.10 you must specify the cipher as such: cryptsetup -c aes-cbc-plain create h /dev/sdb1 ()

Upgrade

Kubuntu

WARNING: LTS to LTS upgrade to Xerus is currently problematic and should not be attempted. Please install a fresh copy of 16.04 instead. To prevent messages about upgrading, change Prompt=lts to Prompt=normal or Prompt=never in the /etc/update-manager/release-upgrades file.

OpenSSH

The default of the «UseDNS» configuration option has changed from yes to no. This may cause users who use the «from=» functionality in authorized_keys to limit ssh access by host to be locked out, which is especially troublesome if upgrading remotely. See bug 1588457.

MySQL

Users with customised MySQL server configurations may hit a maintainer script error on upgrade due to changed configuration directives in MySQL 5.7. This will need to be fixed up manually. See the for details and instructions on fixing one common case of this.

Boot from DVD

It’s easy to install Ubuntu from a DVD. Here’s what you need to do:

1. Put the Ubuntu DVD into your optical/DVD drive.
2. Restart your computer.

As soon as your computer boots you’ll see the welcome window.

From here, you can select your language from a list on the left and choose between either installing Ubuntu directly, or trying the desktop first (if you like what you see, you can also install Ubuntu from this mode too).

Depending on your computer’s configuration, you may instead see an alternative boot menu showing a large language selection pane. Use your mouse or cursor keys to select a language and you’ll be presented with a simple menu.

Select the second option, ‘Install Ubuntu’, and press return to launch the desktop installer automatically. Alternatively, select the first option, ‘Try Ubuntu without installing’, to test Ubuntu (as before, you can also install Ubuntu from this mode too).

A few moments later, after the desktop has loaded, you’ll see the welcome window. From here, you can select your language from a list on the left and choose between either installing Ubuntu directly, or trying the desktop first.

If you don’t get either menu, read the booting from the DVD guide for more information.

Graphics and Display

• Connected DisplayPort monitors may prevent booting when using the nouveau video driver. ()

• External monitor connected via DisplayPort is not recognized when using the nouveau driver. ()

• Image distortion (vsync) on some AMD ATI cards with the proprietary drivers. ()

• The new Xorg 1.9 available in Maverick is not compatible with nVidia based chipsets that use the (nvidia-96) and (nvidia-173) drivers. ()

• The logo will not display during boot when using the Nvidia proprietary driver. ()

• The wrong display port is chosen during install of Apple iMacs (Core i5). If you plug a second screen on the mini display port, you can install ubuntu normally using this 2nd screen. ()

• Non-mirrored dual-screen setups may provide incorrect display on secondary monitor. ()

Ubuntu Desktop

Desktop Updates

Ubuntu 19.04 ships with the latest GNOME desktop 3.32. This brings performance improvements, a host of bug fixes and some important new features.

• Desktop upgraded to GNOME 3.32

  • Numerous performance improvements. GNOME Shell now feels faster and more responsive. More technical details here

  • Fractional Scaling support.
    • The Wayland session can now be scaled between 100% and 200% in 25% increments.

    • Experimental support in the Xorg session can be enabled to achieve the same. Read more here

  • New sound configuration panel making it easier to select your input and output devices
  • Changes to GNOME Initial Setup to add more settings up front and make it easier to enable location services (for example, to allow automatic timezone switching)
• Tracker is now included by default. This allows the desktop to keep track of recently used files and improves searching.
• Right click handling is now «area» by default. This allows both two-finger right clicking and clicking in the bottom right corner of the touchpad
• alt-tab handling now switches windows by default. Switching applications by default can be done with super-tab
• Preview order of windows in the dock is now static and based on the order in which the windows were added
• IWD can now be enabled for use with Network Manager. IWD is a new alternative to wpa supplicant and is in testing for consideration in the future.
• Installing Ubuntu Desktop on vmware will now automatically install the open-vm-tools package to improve integration.
• The Yaru theme has seen further refinement and updates and includes a new icon theme.
• Safe Graphics Mode. A new option is added to the Grub menu which will boot with «NOMODESET» on. This may help you resolve issues on certain graphics cards and allow you to boot and install any propriatary drivers needed by your system.

• The latest releases of Firefox (66.0) and LibreOffice (6.2.2) are available and installed by default.

MySQL upgrade

In Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, MySQL 5.1 has been promoted as the default MySQL server. MySQL 5.0 is still available from the universe repository. Performing an upgrade via update-manager will correctly handle the transition from MySQL 5.0 to MySQL 5.1. However using a dist-upgrade will not: mysql-server-5.0 will be upgraded instead of being replaced by mysql-server-5.1. If MySQL 5.0 needs to be kept the mysql-server and mysql-client packages should be removed before the upgrade is started.

(This change was made in Ubuntu 9.10.)

MySQL Cluster setup

If MySQL has been set up to use the MySQL Cluster engine (NDB engine), upgrading to MySQL 5.1 will not work since the mysql-dfsg-5.1 packages don’t support MySQL Cluster. Instead mysql-server and mysql-client should be removed before upgrade and mysql-server-5.0 should be kept. update-manager will automatically take care of this situation. Note that MySQL 5.0 is in universe and thus won’t have have the same maintenance coverage as the MySQL 5.1 package in main.